![]() ![]() Included surgeries were coronary artery bypass graft, surgical aortic valve replacement and thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery. Additionally, time spent for the education and overall quality were evaluated among further basic characteristics (age, gender, medical expertise, previous non-cardiac surgery and previously informed patients). Anxiety and procedural understanding were evaluated using questionnaires prior to and after the patient education. ![]() ![]() Methods: Patient education was performed with standardized paper-based methods ( n = 34), 3D-printed models ( n = 34) or virtual reality models ( n = 31). An improved patient education using 3D models may reduce preoperative anxiety and risks associated with it. 2Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germanyīackground: Preoperative anxiety in cardiac surgery can lead to prolonged hospital stays and negative postoperative outcomes.1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.Maximilian Grab 1,2*, Fabian Hundertmark 1, Nikolaus Thierfelder 1, Matthew Fairchild 3, Petra Mela 2, Christian Hagl 1 and Linda Grefen 1 ![]()
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